What Diabetes Mellitus ?

Diabetes Mellitus

Description


The term diabetes mellitus comes from Greek and means "honey-sweet flow". As diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders that lead to increased blood sugar all levels (hyperglycaemia).
Normal and abnormal blood sugar levels
The fasting blood sugar is usually below 100 mg / dl (milligrams per deciliter). He gets after eating (postprandial) to a maximum of 140 mg / dl. Higher values may indicate mellitus to impaired sugar metabolism (impaired glucose tolerance) or diabetes. To find out, is an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is necessary.
The high blood sugar levels after years of diabetes mellitus to complications, mainly to the eyes, kidneys, nervous system, heart, brain and blood vessels.


Forms of diabetes
There are two main types of diabetes:

• Type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is caused by a lack of the hormone insulin. The body's own defenses (antibodies) to destroy the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. This is the classic insulin-deficient diabetes, which usually already starts in childhood or adolescence. It was therefore used to be young (or juvenile) called diabetes.

• Type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes occurs firstly by reduced sensitivity of body cells to insulin (insulin resistance). Secondly, on a year-long over-production of insulin to an "exhaustion" of the insulin-producing cells. Type 2 diabetes was once referred to as adult onset diabetes because it usually develops in adulthood begins. Today, the adult-onset diabetes but it also affects already overweight adolescents and even children.
Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes mellitus. He makes about 90 percent of diabetes cases in Germany. Both forms of diabetes (type 1 and type 2) can occur in families.

Type 1 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes
Frequency of about 5% of all diabetes cases> 90% of all diabetes cases
Development of insulin deficiency due to autoimmune disease (antibodies destroy insulin-producing cells) of insulin resistance (the body's cells more sensitive to insulin) and impaired insulin secretion
Usually beginning in childhood or adolescence, usually in adulthood
Family history typical low
Body weight overweight mostly normal weight generally
Metabolism stable unstable
Lifelong insulin therapy treatment weight loss, more exercise, diet, oral glucose lowering agents, insulin therapy as recently as last option
Rare forms of diabetes
• Secondary Diabetes
A secondary diabetes is very rare and is the result of other diseases.

These include:
Cause Description
A chronic disease of the pancreas, inflammation of the pancreas (chronic pancreatitis) can lead to a loss of function of the pancreas. The main cause of chronic pancreatitis is alcohol abuse. A diabetes develops but only after about 90 percent of the insulin-producing cells are destroyed.

Diseases of the hormone-producing glands, many hormones increase sugar levels in the blood. These include thyroid and growth hormones and cortisone. Illness, the body too much of these hormones can cause diabetes. Possible causative diseases are hyperthyroidism, Cushing's syndrome or the overproduction of growth hormone (acromegaly).

Certain drugs can lead to diabetes (diabetic medication). For instance, the long-term use of cortisone, an exogenous Cushing's syndrome cause and the reason for the development of diabetes. Other medications that can cause a side effect of diabetes, such as thyroid hormones or certain diuretics (thiazide diuretics).

• Gestational diabetes ,Pregnancy diabetes (gestational diabetes) occurs during pregnancy and usually disappears again. He is one of the most common pregnancy-associated diseases. It occurs in about one to five percent of all pregnant women. Women during pregnancy suffers from this form of diabetes, develop later in the following years, often a type-2 diabetes.
• LADA diabetes , Diabetes LADA (Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults) is a special form of diabetes mellitus type 1 Mainly affects people aged between 25 and 40. Often possible to treat this form of diabetes for several months to years with diet or tablets. Otherwise, LADA has on all other characteristics of type 1 diabetes. Antibodies are detectable in the blood that destroy the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas.
• MODY diabetes , In MODY (Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young) is a form of diabetes that develops in young people (under 25). MODY is rare, only about one in a hundred diabetics are affected by it. Cause certain genetic defects. MODY diabetes is therefore inherited. The course is mild - the cells of the pancreasproduce insulin, usually for many years.
  

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